Abordaje único para aneurismas del círculo arterial cerebral / Unique craniotomy for aneurysms of the cerebral arterial circle

El objetivo del trabajo fue escribir la técnica quirúrgica y reportar la experiencia de nuestro hospital en el uso del abordaje pterional modificado como primera elección para el clipaje de aneurismas del círculo arterial cerebral en cualquier ubicación e incluso múltiples. Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo y reportamos una serie de 37 pacientes (25 mujeres y 12 hombres) con diagnóstico de aneurismas derivados del círculo arterial cerebral de distintas ubicaciones, desde enero del 2012 hasta marzo del 2015. Se presenta la experiencia de 51 aneurismas incluidos 8 casos de aneurismas múltiples y 9 aneurismas gigantes.Todos los aneurismas fueron clipados mediante un abordaje pterional modificado. Se describieron yesquematizaron los pasos del procedimiento quirúrgico secuencialmente. Mediante este análisis se estableceque el abordaje frontotemporoesfenoidal modificado (pterional) permite el acceso quirúrgico para el clipajede estas lesiones vasculares provenientes del círculo arterial cerebral lo cual correlaciona con la evidencia previa. La descripción detallada de la técnica quirúrgica favorece una adecuada comprensión de la anatomía quirúrgica y permite la reproducción de esta técnica.

The objective of the study was to describe our surgical and technical experience by reporting a series of 51 aneurysms treated by a pterional craniotomy as a unique approach foraneurismatic lesions of the cerebral arterial circle (Willis polygon). Retrospective study that reportsa series of 37 patients (25 females and 12 males) with diagnosis of aneurismatic lesions from different localization in the Willis polygon from January 2012 to March 2015. Fifty one (51)aneurismatic lesions were treated by a unique pterional craniotomy, including 8 cases of multiple aneurismatic disease and 9 giant aneurysms. Every lesion was clipped by the same pterional modified approach. Every step of this procedure was described and illustrated sequentally. This analysis establishes that the modified fronto temporoesfenoidal (pterional) craniotomy allows surgical access to the clipping of these vascular lesions, from the circle of Willis which correlates with previous evidence. The detailed description of the surgical technique promotes a proper understanding of surgical anatomy and allows playback of this technique.

Perspective of the frontolateral craniotomies / Perspectivas das craniotomias frontolaterais

The pterional craniotomy is one of the most frequently surgical approaches used in neurosurgery and currently it has become a mainsteam. It allows excellent microsurgical exposure of anterior and posterior regions of the arterial circle of Willis, supra and paraselar regions, the superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone, cavernous sinus, orbit, temporal lobe, midbrain and the frontal lobe. Like others techniques, the pterional craniotomy presented disadvantages related to dissection of the temporal muscle. From the first fronto lateral craniotomy described by Dandy to expose the optic chiasm and the pituitary we pass through the Yasargil's classical description of craniotomy centered in fronto-temporal sylvian fissure until reaching the recent"minipterional craniotomy", modifications of the pterional craniotomy were proposed to reduce the extra cranial tissue trauma and reduce the area of craniotomy without affecting the exposure of surgical targets, thus improving their aesthetic and functional results. An historical analysis of the frontolateral approaches has demonstrated that they have evolved from larger craniotomies to smaller ones, however only the minipterional craniotomy is able to offer similar surgical exposure.

A craniotomia pterional é um dos acessos cirúrgicos mais freqüentemente utilizados. Esta técnica permite excelente exposição microcirúrgica das regiões anterior e posterior do polígono de Willis, regiões supra-selar, fissura orbital superior do osso esfenóide, seio cavernoso, órbita, lobo temporal, mesencéfalo e lobo frontal. Como outras técnicas, a craniotomia pterional tem desvantagens relacionadas à manipulação do músculo temporal. Desde a primeira craniotomia fronto lateral descrita por Dandy para expor o quiasma óptico e a hipófise, passando pela descrição clássica de Yasrgil para craniotomia centrada na fissura silviana, até chegar em craniotomias recentes como a"minipterional", modificações da craniotomia pterional foram propostas para reduzir o trauma do tecido extra craniano e reduzir a área da craniotomia sem afetar a exposição dos alvos cirúrgicos e melhorar seus resultados estéticos e funcionais. Uma análise histórica das abordagens frontolaterais demonstrou que elas evoluíram a partir de craniotomias maiores para menores, contudo somente a craniotomia minipterional oferece exposição cirúrgica similar à craniotomia pterional clássica.